Allied Medical Research Journal

Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Foot Pain among Working Females - A Cross-Sectional Study

2023-10-09T15:29:26+02:00

Background: Although foot pain in working women is an ongoing problem and may be related to footwear, the prevalence of foot pain in young females is still scarce. Therefore, this study aimed to discover the common cause of foot pain and its possible associated factors (body mass index and shoe heel height) in young working women of Karachi, Pakistan, in an urban setting.

Methods: The survey was conducted on a group of working women aged between 21–40 years who were selected using non-probability convenience sampling. Data on foot problems was collected through an investigator-directed questionnaire using adapted foot questionnaires. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 20.

Results: A total no. of 382 women between the ages of 21 and 40 who worked in various Karachi, Pakistan organizations were included in the study. The study revealed that the majority of these women (n=255) experienced moderate pain, most had average body mass indices (N=192), and most had previously worn shoes with heels higher than one inch (n=199). The prevalence of mild foot pain was 17.53%, moderate foot pain 66.75% and severe foot pain 15.7%.

Conclusion: Non-traumatic foot pain is common among young working women, likely due to high heeled shoes, prolonged working hours, and standing nature of jobs.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.59564/amrj/02.01/003

Association between Attachment Styles and Depression Severity in Young Adults from Divorced or Single-Parent Households: A Cross-Sectional Study

2024-01-19T08:18:40+01:00

Background: Early attachment experiences significantly influence cognitive schemas and interpersonal connections. Depression, affecting 280 million globally, has genetic and environmental origins. The link between childhood attachment styles and depression is extensively researched, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions.

Methods: Adhering to STROBE guidelines, the study includes 165 participants aged 18 to 30, diagnosed with major depressive disorder. Data collection involves ECR-R for attachment styles and BDI-II for depression severity. Statistical analyses include frequency distributions and chi-square tests.

Results: Demographic findings revealed a diverse sample, primarily university students from divorced families. Attachment styles distribution indicates a balance between secure and dismissing patterns. Depression severity is notably moderate. Secure attachments correlate with lower instances of severe depression, while preoccupied and fearful styles predict higher severity.

Conclusion: The study underscores the intricate link between attachment styles and depression severity in young adults from divorced or single-parent households. Secure attachments show protective effects, emphasizing the lasting impact of early experiences.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.59564/amrj/02.01/004

Effects of Task-Oriented and Strength Training on Upper Limb Recovery in Hemiplegic Stroke Patients

2023-10-20T08:37:24+02:00

Background: Stroke is a common and debilitating medical illness that frequently shows as a substantial impediment to upper extremity motor skills. More than 80% of first-time stroke cases, most of which are ischemic infarctions, result in immediate hemiplegia of the afflicted arm. This impairment not only limits the functional usefulness of the afflicted limb but also impedes Daily Living Activities (ADL).

Methods: A total of n=80 patients were enrolled; divided into two groups based on envelope method of randomization. Each group comprises of 40 participants. In Group-A participants were given intervention based on Task-Oriented Training (TOT) protocol whereas in Group-B resistance training was provided as an interventional protocol.

Results: The effects of exercises based intervention was determined on the outcome measure and paired t-test was applied to identify with in the group effects. Analysis of the findings revealed that both exercises were significantly effective (p<0.05) in improving upper limb function of hemiplegic stroke patients, with values after intervention on the FMA-UE scale of 45.6±2.45 for patients in Group-A and 44.99±3.01 for patients in Group-B.

Conclusion: In conclusion among hemiplegic stroke patients, TOT and strength training both were beneficial in restoring upper limb function, according to the results of this randomized controlled experiment.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.59564/amrj/02.01/005

Examining the Use of Wearable Health Devices for Tracking Physical Activity in Elderly Populations

2023-09-14T05:55:22+02:00

Background: Wearable healthcare device use has increased substantially in recent years, owing to significant developments in wireless sensors and digital technology. This study provides valuable insights into improving health and quality of life by diving into how wearable technology might aid in monitoring and boosting mild-intensity activities among older adults.

Methods: A longitudinal study design was used to investigate the impact of wearable health devices on physical activity among older populations over time. Data was gathered at three independent time points: baseline, three months, and six months, allowing for the assessment of changes and trends in physical activity and related health markers.

Results: The responses related to the use of wearable gadgets for monitoring physical activity (PA) were asked. It was found that n=103 males and n=98 females were unaware of the use of wearable gadgets and had no idea about the availability of such gadgets in the market. Moreover, chi-square analyses revealed that the likelihood of using wearable gadgets to quantify PA was non-significant, with p<0.05 among the elderly population.

Conclusion: The findings of this longitudinal study highlight the potential advantages of wearable health devices in promoting physical activity among older populations. The results show that these gadgets may be motivational aids, resulting in notable increases in step counts, resting heart rates, and users’ opinions of wearable technology.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.59564/amrj/02.01/006

Awareness and Practices Regarding Nutritional Status, Habits and Physical Activity among Physical Education University Students - A Cross-Sectional Study

2023-09-09T19:19:24+02:00

Background: An unbalanced diet and reduced physical activity are the chief risk factors for many chronic diseases. University students are the most affected population due to changed patterns in daily routine. It is presumed that university students would have better knowledge regarding physical activities and healthy nutrition; however, more evidence is needed to demonstrate whether this knowledge is implemented. Hence, the primary purpose of this study is to examine the awareness and practices regarding nutritional status, habits, and physical activity among university students.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between July 2023 and November 2023 on 82 university students using a convenience sampling method. A modified questionnaire was used to ask questions regarding nutritional status, habits, and physical activity. The data was analyzed using SPSS 21.0.

Results: A total of ninety students were provided with the questionnaire, out of which eight students partially filled the questionnaires. The total number of questionnaires examined was 82, which included n=35 (42.7%) males and n=47 (57.3%) females.

Conclusion: The results disclosed that students had adequate knowledge regarding nutritional habits and the vitality of physical activity. However, that knowledge needed to be implemented in daily life practices.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.59564/amrj/02.01/007

Effects of Hand Function Rehabilitation Strategies in Fracture Recovery

2023-09-07T19:21:40+02:00

Background: Hand function is vital since it is required for carrying out essential everyday tasks that call for accurate hand-to-object interactions. Alarmingly, the hands account for about 29% of all orthopaedic injuries treated in emergency rooms, highlighting the fragility of this body component.

Methodology: Participants take part in routine five-day rehabilitation sessions throughout the three-month trial under the supervision of both physical and occupational therapists. The multidisciplinary team closely monitors development and modifies treatments in response to the changing requirements of participants.

Results: A total number of n=60 participants, including n=33 males and n=27 females of mean age 42.4±2.5 years, were recruited in the study. The demographic characteristics of participants in each group revealed that the mean age of participants in Group-A was 41.24±3.4 years, in Group-B was 42.6±2.2 years and in Group-C was 43.15±2.7years.

Conclusion: The findings have highlighted that adequate results may be achieved by including functional activities in post-hand fracture rehabilitation programs. Such an all-encompassing strategy speeds up recovery and emphasizes the significance of personalized therapies for the best functional recovery.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.59564/amrj/02.01/008

Impact of Low-Volume High-Intensity Interval Training and Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training on Physical Performance and Quality of Life among Postmenopausal Women

2023-10-14T06:36:45+02:00

Background: Menopause is one of the life stages for women that marks the end of reproductive years. Physical, emotional, mental, and social well-being can all be impacted by the hormonal changes brought on by menopause. Hence, the study aims to determine the effect of Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training (MICT) and High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on cardiovascular parameters and quality of life in postmenopausal females.

Methods: A two-arm randomized controlled trial among 40 postmenopausal females, recruited via envelop method of simple random sampling technique into Group-A, who received HIIT and Group B, who received MICT. Firstly, informed consent was taken from the participants by explaining all the protocols and procedures. Following the assessment, both groups received six weeks of exercise training thrice a week with 40 minutes of HIIT and 50 minutes of MICT, respectively.

Results: The participant’s mean age was 52.26 and 54.5 years in each of the two intervention groups, i.e., HIIT and MICT, respectively. The HIIT intervention led to a statistically significant and practically significant elevation in predicted VO2max (6.92 ml/kg/min; p=0.01; ES=0.85), whereas the MICT group experienced a marginal and practically significant alteration (2.8 ml/kg/min; p>0.05; ES=0.19).

Conclusion: The results indicate that the High-Intensity Interval Training group experienced a statistically and clinically significant improvement in predicted VO₂ max compared to a marginally significant change in the MICT group.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.59564/amrj/02.01/009

Frequency of Physical Activity in Acute or Chronic Smoker among General Population of Karachi - A Cross-Sectional Study

2023-12-07T14:47:38+01:00

Background: This research aims to evaluate the frequency of physical activity among acute or chronic smokers in Karachi's general population, recognizing the reciprocal influence between smoking and physical activity on overall health. Assessing exercise frequency among smokers is crucial, considering the commonly observed association between smoking and declining bodily functions, making it pivotal for comprehensive health assessment.

Methods: In this study, a cross-sectional survey involved 316 healthy adults aged 15-69 years, utilizing convenience sampling is used for diverse demographic representation. Data on demographic details, smoking status, and physical activity levels were collected through the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). The subsequent analysis, conducted using SPSS version 0.22, aimed to scrutinize the impact of smoking on participants' physical activity.

Results: Among the participants, a majority (76.9%) held jobs with varying physical activity levels. For transportation, nearly all employed modes showed varying physical activity intensities, with 59.8% reporting low, 25.3% moderate, and 14.9% vigorous activity levels. Engagement in household chores and family care displayed diverse physical activity levels: 66.5% reported low, 24.1% moderate, and 9.1% vigorous activities. Similar trends were observed for house maintenance and family care, with 69.0% reporting low, 14.6% moderate, and 16.5% vigorous activities.

Conclusion: The study indicates that smokers participate in physical activity less frequently, underscoring the need for heightened attention to their exercise habits. These findings underscore the importance of tailoring health strategies for smokers and examining lifestyle factors influencing their physical well-being.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.59564/amrj/02.01/010

Assessment of the Health-Related Fitness among Healthcare Professionals

2023-12-29T04:55:57+01:00

Background: Physical inactivity's prevalence is alarming increasing worldwide leading to various non-communicable diseases. Studies highlight disparities in activity levels among people with occupational variations. Addressing fitness is essential for mitigating occupational health issues and enhancing overall productivity among medical professionals.

Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in multiple tertiary care facilities. A total of 78 participants were recruited using the non-probability convenience sampling technique. Participants performed four different assessments in the following order: (i) BMI by weight and height measurements (ii) Cardiorespiratory endurance by 3 minutes step-test (iii) Muscular endurance by abdominal curl up and (iv) Flexibility by shoulder scratch test and sit and reach test, the session lasted for approximately 20 minutes, with 3 minutes of resting period between exercises. The analysis was performed using SPSS V.21.

Results: The results show an average age of 28 years for the participants. The mean Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) was 1375.98 kcal. The Dietary Calorie Restriction (DCR) was 1907.32 kcal. (RAPA) shows that 34% of n=78 is mildly active which results in very good muscular endurance of 29.5% and excellent VO₂Max of 59%. Flexibility was excellent with 40-48%.

Conclusion: The study reveals notable physical fitness among healthcare professionals, highlighting positive outcomes in key parameters such as BMR, DCR, muscular endurance, flexibility, and VO₂ max.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.59564/amrj/02.01/011

Knowledge, Attitude, and Perception of Covid-19 Vaccinations in Physiotherapy Students of Pakistan - A Cross-Sectional Survey

2023-10-18T12:22:32+02:00

Background: COVID-19 has been identified as a deadly pandemic, and the vaccine is framed to be the most effective solution. Evidence reveals that medical students are a reliable source of health information, such as vaccination. Therefore, this survey aimed to examine the Knowledge, Attitude and Perception (KAP) of COVID-19 vaccinations in physiotherapy students of Pakistan.

Methodology: This survey included 500 physiotherapy students from different provinces of Pakistan. Participants aged between 18 to 35 years who had internet access were included. The data was collected using an online Google questionnaire consisting of four sections (socio-demographic, knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions). Descriptive statistics for frequency and percentage were run using the SPSS software version 26.

Results: The findings revealed that physiotherapy students have good knowledge of COVID-19 vaccinations, and 96.4% are sure about their effectiveness. Most respondents, i.e., 57%, have a positive attitude towards vaccine safety, and 69.6% believed that without vaccination, it is impossible to stop its spread. However, 64.2% perceived that COVID-19 vaccinations have side effects.

Conclusion: The results suggest that the healthcare authorities should work on awareness regarding COVID-19 vaccinations so that the KAP can be improved and the disease can be eradicated.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.59564/amrj/02.01/012

Likelihood of Impact of Knee Joint Pain on ADLS among Older Adult Population

2023-09-09T19:22:11+02:00

Background: The study is aimed to clarify the complex link between knee discomfort, functional restrictions, and older people's overall wellbeing. Current study intended to open the door for more focused support systems and treatments that can raise the quality of life for ageing population by exploring these factors.

Methods: A questionnaire with two essential components was used to collect the data for this investigation. While the second segment evaluated important daily living activities (ADLs), including getting up from a sitting posture, mounting stairs, and walking, the first section concentrated on collecting demographic data from the individuals

Results: The findings reveled a significant likelihood p<0.05 between intensity of pain and difficulties in performing standing from sitting, walking and stairs climbing. The analyses of data had provided evidences that much of the participants with mild to severe pain in knee joint had reported mild difficulty in standing form sitting position n=74, whereas n=90 reported difficulty in walking and n=77 had reported difficulty in climbing stairs.

Conclusion: In conclusion, the study's findings show a convincing and significant association (p<0.001) between participants' capacity to do activities of daily living (ADLs) and the intensity of their knee pain, particularly for those with mild to severe knee pain. These findings emphasize the urgent need for efficient interventions to reduce the impact of knee pain on ADLs and improve the wellbeing of those who are affected by this discomfort. It also highlights the critical importance of addressing knee pain and its management to improve the overall quality of life for people in this cohort.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.59564/amrj/02.01/013

Effects of Tailored Stabilization Exercise Regimens on Lumbar Instability

2024-01-09T04:57:34+01:00

Background: The primary goals of lumbar stabilization exercises (LSE) are to increase the neuromuscular control, strength, and endurance of the muscles essential for dynamic trunk and spinal stability. Even though LSE is a highly successful treatment for lumbar instability and pain reduction, further research is necessary to fully understand its effects and maximize its use for a larger population.

Methods: Patients aged between 40 and 60 years with symptoms of lower back pain were included in the study. The patients were chosen based on the diagnosis, symptoms, and clinical presentation, consistent with a radiologic diagnosis of spondylosis and spondylolisthesis. Exercise sessions gradually increased in duration, with a pressure biofeedback monitor ensuring ten accurate contractions held for 10 seconds each. Low-load leverage through the limbs was introduced to progress the workouts.

Results: The significant decrease in pain levels reflects the positive impact of stability exercises on the functional disability level of patients. The baseline mean disability level of 26.34 exhibited notable improvement, decreasing to 16.23 with a mean difference of 10.11. The statistical significance of this mean difference (p<0.05) provides compelling evidence to reject the null hypothesis, affirming the effectiveness of the intervention in positively influencing the disability level among the participants

Conclusion: The study’s findings highlight the beneficial effects of customized stabilization exercise programs on lumbar instability and persistent low back pain. The intervention showed substantial improvements in functional impairment and pain reduction across participants, focusing on individualized graded lumbar stabilization exercises.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.59564/amrj/02.01/014

Functional Task Performance and Patient Satisfaction in Lateral Epicondylitis: Unraveling the Effects of Physical Therapy Interventions

2024-01-01T07:23:12+01:00

Background: Physiotherapy is a viable treatment option for lateral epicondylitis, with the wide range of available choices. The effects of strengthening exercises can be enhanced with the use of ultrasound therapy.

Methods: An experimental design study was conducted to determine the combine effects of strengthening exercises, ultrasound and icing on functional and modified functional task parameters of patients with lateral epicondylitis.

Results: A total of n=50 participants were included, comprised of 36 males and 14 females. The mean age of the participants was found to be 49.58±2.56 years. Analyses of the findings were performed at two different intervals for functional tasks and modified functional tasks at baseline and after 12 weeks of intervention. The findings revealed a significant improvement p<0.05 in the performance of functional tasks and modified functional tasks. The baseline values of the functional task were 2.5±0.37 for reaching, 1.9±0.25 lifting, and 1.63 ± 0.75 carrying had improved to 3.34±0.56, 2.8±0.45 and 3.45±0.4.

Conclusion: This study reveals the effectiveness of a combination treatment strategy for lateral epicondylitis, including cryotherapy, ultrasound therapy, and eccentric strengthening exercises. The considerable gains in both functional and modified functional tasks highlight the potential benefits of including these modalities within a complete treatment approach.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.59564/amrj/02.01/015

Rejuvenating Mobility: Impact of Concurrent Exercise on Functional Claudication Distance and vascular health among Patients with T2DM-associated PAD

2023-12-01T06:06:09+01:00

Background: Globally, the diabetes epidemic has increased in the general population over the last few decades. Despite higher prevalence of Type-II DM, evidence about Diabetes-related vascular complications is scarce. Therefore, this study aims to effectively determine appropriate exercise training into the clinical settings; thereby reducing risk factors for T2DM-associated PAD patients.

Methods: At the Department of Rehabilitation Sciences of Dr. Ziauddin Hospital Karachi, a randomized, single-blinded, two-arm trial was conducted from July to September 2023. Using the sealed envelope approach, 80 patients with T2DM-associated PAD were recruited and randomly assigned into two groups: Group-A (n=40) and Group-B (n=40). For a period of 12 weeks, participants in Group-B performed Aerobic Training (AT), while Group-A participated in Concurrent Training (CT), 3 times a week. Functional Claudication Distance (FCD) and VascuQol-6 were measured pre and post 12 week intervention for measuring functional capacity and vascular health.

Results: Findings revealed that CT training groups were significantly effective (p<0.000) at 95% CI in improving FCD and VascuQol-6 after 12 weeks. Subsequently, findings showed that CT group showed more significant improvement than AT in improving FCD (p=0.013, CT: pre: 203.33±1.78, post: 230.65±7.72, AT: pre: 203.08±2.2, post: 214.13±5.1) and VascuQol-6 (p=0.0001, CT: pre: 10.60±2.11, post: 19.88±1.24, AT: pre: 9.53±2, post: 14.33±1.97).

Conclusion: Patients' reported vascular health and FCD significantly improved by the CT than AT group. Thereby, CT appears to be an exceptionally beneficial therapeutic strategy for the management of Fontaine’s stage II a PAD associated with T2DM.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.59564/amrj/02.01/016

Comparison of Diet With and Without Strengthening Exercises Impacting Non-Specific Chronic Low Back Pain Patients in Obesity

2023-06-23T07:50:16+02:00

Background: Dietetic variations have long been taken as an imperative factor for managing obesity in low back pain patients. Thus, to evaluate diet with and without exercise to consider further the best regimen to counter this burning issue. Therefore, his study aimed to compare the effects of diet with and without strength training on non-specific low back pain in obese clients.

Methods: Fifty-two patients with sedentary lifestyles, aged between 25-40 years, were assigned to two groups according to their BMI (Grade I & II obesity) and were assessed for their weight, Body Mass index (BMI), Waist to hip ratio (WHR), Body Fat Percentage (BF %), Fat mass (FM), lean Mass (LM), Numeric Pain rating scale (NPRS), Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and pushups for muscular endurance and strength were the outcome measures of interests. One group followed diet only (D), while the other followed diet plus strength (DS) training. After six weeks of intervention, patients were assessed again on the same parameters.

Results: DS group revealed positive changes in all parameters, i.e., weight (0.00), BMI (0.00), WHR (0.01), BF% (0.00), FM (0.00), LM (0.01), NPRS (0.00), OLBPD (0.00), pushups (0.00), while D group showed insignificant results in WHR (p-value- 0.736, before 0.88+0.1 after 0.88-+0.1), LM (p-value- 0.384, before 40.9+8.9 after 40.3+8.8) and Pushups (p-value 0.384, before 4.6+3.4 after 4.3+3.7).

Conclusion: Six weeks of diet and diet plus strength training resulted in positive changes in pain and ODI. Still, the diet-plus strength exercise group overweighed the diet-only group in all parameters.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.59564/amrj/02.01/017

Association of Antenatal Gender Preference with Perceived Stress among Pregnant Women

2023-09-09T19:04:50+02:00

Background: Antenatal stress is the stress experienced by a pregnant mother as a result of stressful life circumstances. Gender preference for male children and dislike for female children prevails in many regions of the world. Therefore, this study aimed to determine how gender preferences during pregnancy, influenced by cultural and sociodemographic factors, contribute to perceived maternal stress.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the association between stress and gender preference in pregnant women. A total of 363 healthy pregnant females recruited from tertiary care hospitals of Karachi and Lahore via purposive sampling technique were first interviewed for demographic information. The self-structured questionnaire comprises items based on preferences in pregnancies and antenatal or postnatal psychological health, was then asked to be filled to determine the association between antenatal gender preference and perceived stress among the participants.

Results: Male child preferences were significantly linked to antenatal stress (32.8%, p<0.05). Gender scans were performed in around 33.1% and 64.6% of mothers desired male children. The rationale behind it is that a male offspring will be able to support them in their later years.

Conclusion: It was concluded that a significant association was found between male child preferences and antenatal stress. Moreover, antenatal stress was also associated with younger mother age, low self-esteem, low socioeconomic position, and a strong familial desire for sons. Premature birth, low birth weight, and inadequate prenatal care are all possible outcomes of stress during pregnancy.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.59564/amrj/02.01/018

Examining the benefits of multidisciplinary rehabilitation intervention for stroke patients

2024-01-30T09:14:48+01:00

Background: Stroke is the second leading global cause of death and disability, affecting 80 million survivors with residual symptoms. Rehabilitation, involving an interdisciplinary team approach, plays a crucial role in enhancing functional recovery, addressing deficits in fine motor skills, cognition, and communication through customized therapies, as highlighted in a randomized controlled trial comparing integrated rehabilitation approaches to conventional physical therapy for stroke recovery.

Methods: The study was a randomized controlled trial comparing integrated rehabilitation approaches with conventional rehabilitation in post-stroke patients aged 40-60 years over a four-month period. Conducted in a multidisciplinary rehabilitation center, the study included 90 participants, with 45 in each group. The experimental group received integrated rehabilitation involving tailored physical therapy to enhance balance, occupational therapy targeting fine motor skills, and speech therapy addressing swallowing and communication issues. The control group underwent conventional rehabilitation primarily focusing on physical therapy, omitting integrated approaches like occupational and speech therapy.

Results: The analyses of the findings had revealed that interdisciplinary rehabilitation program yielded a significantly better results p<0.05 in improving patients’ conditions. The findings provided evidences that all outcome measures that were balance, fine motor function and swallowing and dysphagia were significantly improved p<0.05 both at within and between the group analyses after four months of integrated rehabilitation program.

Conclusion: The interdisciplinary rehabilitation programme that included physical, occupational, and speech therapies produced noticeably better outcomes than the conventional rehabilitation methods. The results highlight how well the integrated strategy works to improve swallowing/dysphagia, fine motor function, and balance outcomes.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.59564/amrj/02.01/019

A Longitudinal Study Investigating the Progression of Balance Impairment in Parkinson’s Disease Patients and Its Relationship to Fall

2023-12-29T05:18:43+01:00

Background: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a disorder marked by degenerative changes in the neurological system that impair the brain’s basal ganglia's ability to function normally. By precisely comparing the fall risk between two groups—one doing workouts at home and the other under professional supervision—this study seeks to fill the information gap regarding the effects of PT-based intervention in improving balance and reducing the risk of falls among PD patients.

Methods: Data was gathered from n=24 patients that were undergoing Physical therapy either at supervised clinical setup or getting supervised home based session (domiciliary Physical Therapy services).

Results: The values of TUG test for patients in clinical based group revealed that sum of square (SS)=45.08, df=3, F=3.57, Fcrit= 2.81, p=0.02. Similarly for patients in home based therapy session group the values were SS=10.39,df=3, F=0.606, F-Crit=2.81, p=0.61.

Conclusion: In conclusion the outcomes of this study highlight the considerable benefit of home-based and clinical-based training treatments on people with PD, as measured by the TUG and BBS measures.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.59564/amrj/02.01/020

Factors Affecting Patient Compliance with Upper Limb Bracing Following Physical Therapy

2024-01-30T12:01:21+01:00

Background: The lack of patient compliance with upper limb bracing results in delayed healing, progression of deformity, and sometimes even permanent disability. Common upper limb musculoskeletal disorders require bracing and physical therapy, but patient non-compliance with bracing is widespread. The study aims to identify the factors that result in non-compliance with upper limb bracing following physical therapy, thus affecting the patient’s recovery from injury.

Methods: A cross sectional descriptive study on total of 300 patients between ages 20-50 was conducted at Centre of Benzair Bhutto Hospital. A self-designed questionnaire was used to evaluate the history and factors affecting patient compliance. Orthotic Prosthetic user survey form was used to assess non-compliance with the brace.

Results: Out of a total of 300 patients, 100 (33.3%) subjects correctly used the brace, 115 (38.33%) subjects did not use the brace, and 85 (28.33) subjects used the brace but did not use it as advised by the orthodontist. Out of 115 non-users, 75 patients could not afford the brace, and 40 patients thought they were improving with physiotherapy, so there was no need to use the brace. The most common factors affecting patient compliance with bracing following physiotherapy are either the brace being uncomfortable (36.4%) or discomfort at night (18.8%).

Conclusion: Patient’s compliance was reported following physiotherapy, though the participants were reluctant to use the brace due to high cost and discomfort. Efforts to decrease the cost of brace, and discomfort may be beneficial in increasing compliance with bracing treatment following physiotherapy.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.59564/amrj/02.01/021

Association Between Smartphone Addiction And Headache Among Adults

2023-09-06T16:21:23+02:00

Background: Limited studies that adequately explain the cause-and-effect relationships have linked mobile phone use to various health consequences. Several studies have examined how exposure to mobile phones may affect various symptoms. To find out an association between smartphone addiction and headaches among adults

Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional survey, data was collected through a non-probability sampling technique from 400 adults of either gender aged between 18 to 35 years from Rawalpindi, Islamabad and Taxila. Data was collected via Smartphone Addiction Scale Short Version (SAS-SV), Headache Disability Index (HDI) and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). The data were analyzed using the SPSS version 23.

Results: There were 400 participants, n=187(46.8%) male and n= 213(53.3%) female, with mean age (23.20 ± 4.41) years. The descriptive statistics of the study population were Functional HDI (21.10 ± 11.62), Emotional HDI (19.99 ± 12.47), HDI-Sum (41.09 ± 22.90) and SAS-Sum (33.48 ± 11.35). The correlation of smartphone addiction with pain (r =0.258, p=0.000), Functional HDI (r =0.349, p=0.000), Emotional HDI (r =0.364, p=0.000), and HDI-Sum (r =0.375, p=0.000) respectively as mentioned in Table: 1.

Conclusion: Headache due to smartphone addiction affects adults because of unrestricted usage of smartphones.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.59564/amrj/02.01/022

Effects of Sensory Integration to Manage Behavior Problems of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

2023-10-30T08:37:08+01:00

Background: Play is an occupation that promote learning and socializing among children, physical play involves different gross motor skills and stimulate sensory processing specifically proprioception and vestibular. The objective of the study is to evaluate the impact of sensory based sports on sensory pattern of children and to discover the effect of sensory smart sports on proprioception and vestibular for behavior management.

Method: 62 Children with ASD mild to moderate were enrolled in the study from different rehab institutes from Karachi such as psyche care, learning hands and exceptional mind. The participants have definite and probable score at their proprioception and vestibular processing component at sensory profile with poor emotional and behavior regulation. They were involved in sensory smart sports for six months than reassessed on the same domain of sensory profile to check the behavior management.

Results: Significant mean variance was obtained between the pre and post score range at proprioception and vestibular processing leading.

Conclusion: Sensory integration therapy is always being use as therapeutic tool as one of the most effective intervention in management of Autism. The implementation of sensory integration ideation in sports through games culturally intact can be applied to develop and sustain interest, focus and above all develop good behavior.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.59564/amrj/02.01/023

Frequency of Gall Stones in Patients with Acute Pancreatitis at Tertiary Care Hospital of Karachi, Pakistan

2024-01-23T09:30:30+01:00

Background: In developed countries, the adult population has a 20% incidence of gallstones, with a rise of 0.60 to 1.39% yearly. Our study aimed to determine the frequency of gallstones in Acute Pancreatitis (AP) patients.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Abbasi Shaheed Hospital, Karachi, recruited all patients fulfilling inclusion criteria presented in the general surgery department from 3^rd Oct 2020 to 3^rd Oct 2021. After ethical approval and consent, a brief history was taken, and clinical examination, laboratory investigations, and ultrasound of the upper abdomen were done to ascertain the frequency of gallstones.

Results: A total of 93 patients diagnosed with AP were included in this study. Of these, 70 (50.6%) were male patients, and 23 (49.4%) were females, with a mean age of 40.752+11.764 years. The gallstones were found in 42 (45.2%) patients.

Conclusion: The frequency of gallbladder stones was high in patients with AP. A prompt or a late diagnosis can directly affect a patient’s mortality and morbidity.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.59564/amrj/02.01/024

Integrating Play-Based Approaches in Pediatric Rehabilitation - A High Time to Break Free From Traditional Methods

2023-10-30T09:48:04+01:00

Highlighting the global prevalence of pediatric physical disabilities, particularly in Low- and Middle-Income Countries, this letter underscores the neglect and stigma faced by affected children. Emphasizing the inadequacies of traditional rehabilitation methods, it advocates for a paradigm shift towards play-based approaches. Integrating play into rehabilitative care is crucial for fostering positive neural plasticity and enhancing treatment adherence, especially in resource-constrained settings. This urgent call seeks to improve outcomes and promote a holistic approach to pediatric rehabilitation.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.59564/amrj/02.01/002

Effects of Exercise on Cartilage Thickness and Chondrocytes Count: A Meta-Analysis of Pre-Clinical Randomized Controlled Trials Conducted on Rats

2023-12-16T05:07:33+01:00

Background: The evidence regarding the effects of exercises on cartilage is enormous, literature on improving cartilage thickness and chondrocytes number is limited. To determine the cumulative effects of exercises on cartilage thickness and chondrocytes number by combining results from different randomized controlled trials.

Methods: Using MeSH terms like "cartilage thicknesses", "exercises", "chondrocytes", and "physical training", among others, multiple searches are conducted on exercise-based management approaches on cartilage thicknesses using search engines like Google Scholar, PEDro, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and Web of Science.

Results: The risk of bias assessment was performed based on the guidelines of SYRCLE. The author-based judgment was performed on selection, performance, detection, attrition, reporting, and other biases. The quantitative analysis revealed that femoral cartilage thickness had increased in the exercise group (SMD=1.039, CI%= -0.64 to 2.72, p=0.225) while chondrocyte count had shown a mild increase in response to excises (SMD= -0.147, CI%= -2.161 to 1.866, p=0.883).

Conclusion: It has concluded that although exercises have a potential impact on cartilage morphology but it must be performed within adaptive threshold limits.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.59564/amrj/02.01/025

Stigma Surrounding Depression in Different Cultures

2024-01-18T11:18:38+01:00

Depression progresses as the second most common disorder for causing disability in individuals since 2020. There are countless factors that affect the prevalence of depression and culture is one of them. Culture is defined as the norms and regulations put by the society, community or a group you identify with. Culture affects the diagnosis of depression through the symptoms being presented, the language used and the over-all norms of the given culture. No one culture is deemed appropriate as the results of researches do not weigh in one direction. To provide effective mental health care and an accurate diagnosis, effective and acceptable culture-appropriate language should be used. Awareness about the illness needs to be spread to break the taboo that surrounds depressive disorders in various cultures. Both collectivistic and individualistic societies have their pros and cons but to eliminate the prevalence of this disorder, one has to be evaluated and understand the benefits and drawbacks of each culture.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.59564/amrj/02.01/026

Resistance Exercise for Patients with COPD: A Systematic Review of Existing Literature

2023-10-09T16:05:43+02:00

COPD is not only ranked third major cause of death globally, but also a causative of quite high number
morbidities. Various treatment strategies are taken in account in the standard practice as well as under
research and innovation banner. In accordance to this a systematic review was conducted to determine the
effectiveness of various modes of resistance training among COPD patients. Cochrane, PeDro, Embas,
Cinhrl, Pubmed, and Google Scholar databases were searched for relevant research articles. After scrutiny
9 articles were incorporated in the review as per the criteria. The characteristic and finings of all the
studies were summarized in the table and risk of bias was evaluated using Cochrane’s checklist for risk
of bias. On qualitative analysis, 6 out for 9 studies favored the effectiveness of resistance training among
COPD patients on different outcome measures. However, further gaps of were also identified among the
studies claimed in significant or no change in this context. Moderate to mild risk of bias was found the
indexed articles.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.59564/amrj/02.01/027

Evidence Synthesis on Gait and Balance Training: Meta-Analysis of Physical Therapy Intervention in Parkinson’s Patients

2024-01-11T11:27:28+01:00

Background: Parkinson Disease is considered to be posing a significant impact worldwide. According to the Global Burden of Disease study (GBD), there has been 1.02 million incident cases recorded in 2017 and 6.1 million cases worldwide in 2016. Between 1990 and 2016, the standardized rate of age among Parkinson's disease prevalence rose by 21.7%.

Methods: Studies examining the effects of physiotherapy on balance, gait and other pertinent outcomes among individuals with PD undergoing rehabilitation program were included in the inclusion criteria. Studies performed between 2015 and 2023 were taken into account for inclusion. Studies conducted in languages other than English, or those that did not have readily available open access or for which open access could not receive after contacting corresponding authors were all excluded.

Results: The risk of bias assessment was performed based on the guidelines of SYRCLE. The author- The findings of this meta-analysis examining the effectiveness of rehabilitation on balance across different trials. Results of fixed-effects model analysis indicated that physical therapy showed a statistically significant favorable influence on balance among individuals with Parkinson's disease, with an overall affect size (Standardized Mean Difference, SMD) of 0.511 (95% CI: 0.255 to 0.766). A somewhat greater impact size of 0.654 (95% CI: 0.0441 to 1.264) was seen in the model of the random-effects. Noticeable heterogeneity was detected in the test (Q = 32.8633, DF = 6, p < 0.0001), indicating a highest degree of variability among included studies.

Conclusion: In conclusion, a thorough meta-analysis of research on the influence of physical therapy treatments on gait, balance among people with Parkinson's disease found positive findings.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.59564/amrj/02.01/028

Exploring the Impact of Exercise on Pain Alleviation in Patients with Chronic Venous Disorders: A Comprehensive Systematic Review

2023-10-09T15:02:42+02:00

Background: Pain due to venous insufficiency can be crippling. Management of Chronic Venous Insufficiency (CVI) with various exercise modalities have gained immense acknowledgement in recent decade. However, the conflicting reports and lack of quality evidence hinder informed decision making. The aim of this review is to overview and summarize the current literature to establish the role of exercise in managing pain symptoms in patients with CVI.

Methods: For comprehensive review search was made on the online databases like PubMed, Google Scholar, Cochrane library and Web of Science. The outcome measure of interest was pain. Total 10 studies were included which were systematically analysed to determine the effectiveness of exercise in reducing pain in patients with CVI.

Results: The study was conducted on patients who had CVI without formation of ulcers with less than 3 CEAP (clinical, etiological, anatomical and pathophysiological) score. The significance of the exercise therapy was estimated by reduction in pain symptoms at the end of the protocol.

Conclusion: It was concluded after comprehensive review that therapeutic exercise has proven to be significantly effective in reducing pain in patients with CVI irrespective of type of exercise.

The Efficacy and Safety of Injectable Prolonged-Release Buprenorphine (Buvidal) in Adults with Opioid Dependence: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2023-09-23T15:58:21+02:00

Background: The development of a long-acting buprenorphine injection may resolve issues of non-compliance, diversion, accidental overdose, and misuse in opiate dependency treatment. Our systematic review and meta-analysis examined safety and efficacy data for prolonged-release Buprenorphine injections.

Methods: Data sources: We searched Ovid, PubMed, Cochrane Library and Google Scholar from inception until 01/10/2022. Intervention was long-acting injectable buprenorphine compared to control including sublingual buprenorphine or placebo. We included RCTs that reported on efficacy and safety outcomes in inpatients and outpatients over 18 years with opiate dependency. Primary outcome measure was treatment efficacy, using the markers negative urine drug screen results and treatment retention. Secondary outcomes focussed on side effects. Results: Among 10,202 articles, 111 were included for full-text reviews. Of the 111 articles, 6 were included in the final meta-analysis. There were a total of 1785 participants.

Results: Regarding treatment retention, Buvidal demonstrated a statistically significant increase compared to the control group (OR = 1.46, 95% CI = 1.12 to 1.89, P=0.005). Regarding negative urine samples, Buvidal again demonstrated a statistically significant increase in negative urine samples compared to the control group (OR = 1.38, 95% CI = 1.26 to 1.52, P < 0.00001). There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in relation to the secondary outcome measures.

Conclusions: In our experience, this is the only systematic review and meta-analysis regarding efficacy and safety of Buvidal, and our results support its use as a treatment option for recovery of opiate users.

Debunking Myths and Accepting Realities: Exposing Artificial Intelligence’s Revolutionary Potential in Healthcare

2024-01-28T07:41:40+01:00

Artificial Intelligence (AI) drives transformative changes across industries, with healthcare benefiting significantly. This editorial explores AI's pivotal role in medical sciences, dispelling myths and highlighting practical applications. From revolutionizing diagnostics and patient care to reshaping pandemic preparedness, AI's impact is profound. Collaborative efforts between medical professionals and data scientists are essential for successful AI integration, ensuring its ethical use and continued advancements in healthcare. Embracing AI's potential while addressing misconceptions is crucial for shaping a future where AI augments medical expertise, leading to improved patient outcomes.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.59564/amrj/02.01/001